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aifc Module Complexity¶
The aifc module reads and writes AIFF and AIFF-C audio files. It is pure Python and works a call
at a time: opening a file walks its chunk headers, readframes() returns a block of frames,
and writeframes() passes your bytes to the file. Nothing in the module holds the audio unless
you read it all at once.
Removed in Python 3.13
Deprecated in Python 3.11 and removed in Python 3.13 (PEP 594). The page covers the module
as it is on Python 3.11 and 3.12, and its examples run only there, where import aifc
emits a DeprecationWarning.
Frames are the unit throughout. k is the frames read or written in one call and w is the
bytes in one frame (nchannels × sampwidth), so one call moves k·w bytes. c is the chunks in
the file and m is its markers. Frame counts and positions are exact for uncompressed files,
whose samples are stored big-endian and returned as stored, on every host.
Complexity Reference¶
open and Error¶
| Operation | Time | Space | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
aifc.open(file, mode=None) |
O(c + m) to read, O(1) to write | O(m) to read, O(1) to write | 'r' or 'rb' returns an Aifc_read, 'w' or 'wb' an Aifc_write; without a mode, file.mode decides, else 'rb' |
aifc.Error |
O(1) | O(1) | Raised for a file that is not AIFF or AIFF-C, an unsupported compression type, and a parameter that is invalid, missing or set too late |
Aifc_read¶
| Operation | Time | Space | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
aifc.Aifc_read(file), aifc.open(file, 'rb') |
O(c + m) | O(m) | Reads every chunk header to the end of the file, seeking past the bodies, and keeps the markers; no samples are read. The file must be seekable: an unseekable stream is read through to the end, and the first readframes() then raises OSError |
Aifc_read.readframes(nframes) |
O(k·w) | O(k·w) | k = frames returned, which is fewer than nframes at the end of the data; a compressed file is decoded into a new buffer |
Aifc_read.setpos(pos), Aifc_read.rewind() |
O(1) | O(1) | Records the position; the next readframes() seeks there |
Aifc_read.tell() |
O(1) | O(1) | Frames read so far, or the position set |
Aifc_read.getnchannels(), Aifc_read.getsampwidth(), Aifc_read.getframerate(), Aifc_read.getnframes() |
O(1) | O(1) | Read from the COMM chunk when the file was opened |
Aifc_read.getcomptype(), Aifc_read.getcompname() |
O(1) | O(1) | Bytes: b'NONE' and b'not compressed' for an AIFF file |
Aifc_read.getparams() |
O(1) | O(1) | A named tuple of the six values above |
Aifc_read.getmarkers() |
O(1) | O(1) | The list built when the file was opened, not a copy, or None when there are no markers |
Aifc_read.getmark(id) |
O(m) | O(1) | Scans the markers in order; raises aifc.Error if none has that id |
Aifc_read.close() |
O(1) | O(1) | Closes the file, including one passed in as a file object |
Aifc_write¶
| Operation | Time | Space | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
aifc.Aifc_write(file), aifc.open(file, 'wb') |
O(1) | O(1) | Writes nothing; the header goes out with the first frames or at close(). A file name ending in .aiff writes AIFF, anything else AIFF-C |
Aifc_write.aiff(), Aifc_write.aifc() |
O(1) | O(1) | Choose AIFF or AIFF-C; raise aifc.Error once frames have been written |
Aifc_write.setnchannels(nchannels), Aifc_write.setsampwidth(width), Aifc_write.setframerate(rate), Aifc_write.setnframes(nframes), Aifc_write.setcomptype(type, name) |
O(1) | O(1) | Raise aifc.Error once frames have been written; all but setnframes() also reject a bad value |
Aifc_write.setparams(params) |
O(1) | O(1) | The five setters in one call |
Aifc_write.setmark(id, pos, name) |
O(m) | O(1) | Scans for a marker with the same id to replace, else appends; markers are written at close() |
Aifc_write.getmarkers() |
O(1) | O(1) | The writer's own list, not a copy, or None when there are no markers |
Aifc_write.getmark(id) |
O(m) | O(1) | Scans the markers in order; raises aifc.Error if none has that id |
Aifc_write.writeframes(data) |
O(k·w) | O(1), O(k·w) compressed | Uncompressed bytes are written as given, not copied; whenever the frames written so far differ from the header's count, its frame count and two length fields are patched in place |
Aifc_write.writeframesraw(data) |
O(k·w) | O(1), O(k·w) compressed | The same without the patch, which is left to close() |
Aifc_write.tell(), Aifc_write.getnframes() |
O(1) | O(1) | Frames written so far |
Aifc_write.getnchannels(), Aifc_write.getsampwidth(), Aifc_write.getframerate() |
O(1) | O(1) | Raise aifc.Error until set |
Aifc_write.getcomptype(), Aifc_write.getcompname() |
O(1) | O(1) | b'NONE' and b'not compressed' until setcomptype() |
Aifc_write.getparams() |
O(1) | O(1) | Raises aifc.Error until channels, sample width and frame rate are set |
Aifc_write.close() |
O(m) | O(1) | Writes the header if no frames were, then the markers, and patches the header if its count is wrong or there are markers; closes the file, including one passed in as a file object |
Reading AIFF Files¶
Opening a File¶
Opening a file reads the header of every chunk in it, seeking past each body, and parses the
MARK chunk into a list. The frame count comes from the COMM chunk, so the length of the audio
does not enter the cost.
import aifc
import os
import tempfile
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
path = os.path.join(directory, 'second.aiff')
with aifc.open(path, 'wb') as out:
out.setparams((2, 2, 44100, 0, b'NONE', b'not compressed'))
out.writeframes(bytes(4 * 44100)) # one second of stereo silence
with aifc.open(path, 'rb') as audio: # O(c + m) - the samples are not read
assert audio.getnframes() == 44100 # O(1)
assert audio.getparams() == (2, 2, 44100, 44100, b'NONE', b'not compressed')
assert audio.getmarkers() is None # O(1)
Reading in Blocks¶
readframes() returns what you ask for as one bytes object, so memory follows the request, not
the file. Reading a fixed block at a time holds one block; readframes(getnframes()) holds the
whole file.
import aifc
import os
import tempfile
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
path = os.path.join(directory, 'tone.aiff')
with aifc.open(path, 'wb') as out:
out.setparams((1, 2, 8000, 0, b'NONE', b'not compressed'))
out.writeframes(bytes(2 * 10_000))
with aifc.open(path, 'rb') as audio:
frames = 0
while block := audio.readframes(4096): # O(k·w) per block
assert len(block) <= 4096 * 2
frames += len(block) // 2
assert frames == 10_000
assert audio.readframes(4096) == b'' # at the end
Seeking¶
setpos() and rewind() only record where the next read starts; readframes() does the seek,
so the frames skipped are never read.
import aifc
import os
import tempfile
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
path = os.path.join(directory, 'ramp.aiff')
with aifc.open(path, 'wb') as out:
out.setparams((1, 1, 8000, 0, b'NONE', b'not compressed'))
out.writeframes(bytes(range(256)) * 4)
with aifc.open(path, 'rb') as audio:
audio.setpos(1000) # O(1)
assert audio.tell() == 1000
assert audio.readframes(10) == bytes(range(232, 242)) # a seek, then O(k·w)
audio.rewind() # O(1)
assert audio.readframes(3) == bytes([0, 1, 2])
try:
audio.setpos(audio.getnframes() + 1)
except aifc.Error as error:
assert 'not in range' in str(error)
else:
raise AssertionError('a position past the end was accepted')
Markers¶
A marker is an id, a frame position and a name. Setting one scans the markers for its id, and so does looking one up, so both cost O(m); the whole list comes back without a copy.
import aifc
import os
import tempfile
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
path = os.path.join(directory, 'marked.aiff')
with aifc.open(path, 'wb') as out:
out.setparams((1, 1, 8000, 0, b'NONE', b'not compressed'))
out.setmark(1, 0, b'start') # O(m)
out.setmark(2, 50, b'middle')
out.setmark(2, 60, b'moved') # same id: replaced, not added
out.writeframes(bytes(100))
# close() wrote the markers, O(m)
with aifc.open(path, 'rb') as audio: # O(c + m)
markers = audio.getmarkers() # O(1)
assert markers == [(1, 0, b'start'), (2, 60, b'moved')]
assert audio.getmarkers() is markers
assert audio.getmark(2) == (2, 60, b'moved') # O(m)
Writing AIFF Files¶
Writing Frames¶
writeframes() hands uncompressed bytes to the file without copying them. The header goes out
with the first frames, and after every call writeframes() makes it match the frames written so
far: when they differ, it seeks back and rewrites the length fields, a constant cost per call.
import aifc
import os
import tempfile
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
path = os.path.join(directory, 'out.aifc')
out = aifc.open(path, 'wb') # O(1) - nothing written yet
out.setnchannels(2) # Stereo
out.setsampwidth(2) # 16-bit
out.setframerate(44100) # 44.1 kHz
assert os.path.getsize(path) == 0
out.writeframes(bytes(4 * 100)) # O(k·w), header written first
out.writeframes(bytes(4 * 100)) # O(k·w), header lengths patched
assert out.tell() == 200
# Parameters are fixed once frames are written
try:
out.setframerate(22050)
except aifc.Error as error:
assert 'cannot change parameters' in str(error)
else:
raise AssertionError('a parameter changed after writing')
out.close()
with aifc.open(path, 'rb') as audio:
assert audio.getnframes() == 200
assert audio.getcomptype() == b'NONE' # an AIFF-C file, uncompressed
Writing to an Unseekable Stream¶
A pipe or socket cannot be patched, and writeframes() patches after any call that leaves the
header's count behind. Declare the total, write with writeframesraw(), and close() finds
nothing to patch. Markers always need a patch, so they need a seekable file.
import aifc
class Pipe:
"""Accepts writes but cannot seek, like a pipe."""
def __init__(self):
self.chunks = []
def write(self, data):
self.chunks.append(bytes(data))
return len(data)
def close(self):
pass
pipe = Pipe()
with aifc.open(pipe, 'wb') as out:
out.aiff()
out.setparams((1, 2, 8000, 1000, b'NONE', b'not compressed')) # O(1)
out.writeframesraw(bytes(2 * 500)) # O(k·w), no patch
out.writeframesraw(bytes(2 * 500))
assert sum(map(len, pipe.chunks)) == 54 + 2 * 1000 # AIFF header + samples
Common Patterns¶
Transforming Samples a Block at a Time¶
Uncompressed frames are raw big-endian bytes. array.array turns a block into samples and back in O(k·w),
with a byte swap on a little-endian host, and doing it per block keeps memory at one block
however long the file is.
import aifc
import array
import os
import sys
import tempfile
def samples(block):
values = array.array('h', block) # O(k·w)
if sys.byteorder == 'little':
values.byteswap() # O(k·w)
return values
def frames(values):
values = array.array('h', values)
if sys.byteorder == 'little':
values.byteswap()
return values.tobytes()
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
source = os.path.join(directory, 'source.aiff')
target = os.path.join(directory, 'target.aiff')
with aifc.open(source, 'wb') as out:
out.setparams((1, 2, 8000, 0, b'NONE', b'not compressed'))
out.writeframes(frames(range(-5000, 5000)))
with aifc.open(source, 'rb') as audio, aifc.open(target, 'wb') as out:
out.setparams(audio.getparams()) # O(1)
while block := audio.readframes(1024): # O(k·w)
out.writeframes(frames(s // 2 for s in samples(block))) # O(k·w)
with aifc.open(target, 'rb') as audio:
halved = samples(audio.readframes(audio.getnframes()))
assert halved[0] == -2500 and halved[-1] == 4999 // 2
assert len(halved) == 10_000
Performance Best Practices¶
✅ Do:
- Read with a fixed block size, so memory is one block rather than the file
- Use
setpos()to jump; the skipped frames are never read - Write an unseekable output with
setnframes()andwriteframesraw(), so no call needs to seek - Pass
bytesor another buffer towriteframes()directly; uncompressed frames are written without a copy
❌ Avoid:
readframes(getnframes())on a long file - the one call here that holds every frame at once- Reading from an unseekable stream - opening reads through the whole stream, and
readframes()then raisesOSError - Setting parameters once frames are written - it raises
aifc.Error - Using the file object after
close()-aifccloses it, even one you opened yourself
Version Notes¶
- Python 3.11+:
import aifcemitsDeprecationWarning; reads and writes thesowt(little-endian) compression type, which earlier versions reject withaifc.Error - Python 3.13+: The module is removed;
import aifcraisesModuleNotFoundError - All Python 3: Uncompressed samples are returned and written as stored, big-endian