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keyword Module Complexity¶
The keyword module lists Python's keywords and soft keywords and tests whether a string is one.
Both lists are built when the module is imported, and each test is a lookup in a frozenset made
from its list at the same time, so nothing here grows with the number of keywords.
n is the characters in the string being tested. The keyword lists are fixed for an interpreter
version, so their length is a constant rather than a size variable.
Complexity Reference¶
Keyword checks¶
| Operation | Time | Space | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
keyword.iskeyword(s) |
O(n) | O(1) | Hashes s, then one set lookup; str caches its hash, so the same object again is O(1) |
keyword.issoftkeyword(s) |
O(n) | O(1) | The same lookup against the soft keywords |
Keyword lists¶
| Operation | Time | Space | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
keyword.kwlist |
O(1) | O(1) | The hard keywords, sorted |
keyword.softkwlist |
O(1) | O(1) | The soft keywords, sorted; none of them is in kwlist |
Checking Identifiers¶
Is a String a Keyword¶
iskeyword() is a set lookup, not a scan of kwlist: it compares s only with an entry whose
hash matches. The test is exact and case-sensitive.
import keyword
assert keyword.iskeyword('if') # O(n)
assert keyword.iskeyword('None') # O(n)
assert not keyword.iskeyword('variable') # O(n)
assert not keyword.iskeyword('If') # case matters
assert not keyword.iskeyword('print') # a builtin, not a keyword
assert 'if' in keyword.kwlist # O(1) access, then a scan of the list
assert keyword.kwlist == sorted(keyword.kwlist)
Hard vs Soft Keywords¶
A soft keyword is a keyword only in certain positions, so it stays usable as a name elsewhere. The two lists do not overlap: check both when a string must not read as either.
import keyword
assert keyword.issoftkeyword('match') # O(n)
assert not keyword.iskeyword('match') # a valid variable name
assert keyword.issoftkeyword('_')
assert not set(keyword.kwlist) & set(keyword.softkwlist)
match = 1 # soft keywords can still be assigned
assert match == 1
Common Patterns¶
Validating a Generated Name¶
Identifier syntax and not being a hard keyword are the two checks a name needs from str and
keyword; each is linear in the string, so together they are O(n).
import keyword
def is_name(s):
return s.isidentifier() and not keyword.iskeyword(s) # O(n)
assert is_name('klass')
assert not is_name('class')
assert not is_name('2fast')
assert is_name('case') # a soft keyword is a legal name
Performance Best Practices¶
✅ Do:
- Use
iskeyword()to test a string: one hash and one set lookup
❌ Avoid:
s in keyword.kwlist- a scan that comparessagainst every entry before it can say no
Version Notes¶
- Python 3.12+:
'type'is a soft keyword, soissoftkeyword('type')isTrue